Chemistry of Chocolate Essay

Chocolate is made from the cacao bean. According to Rodney Lipson, â€Å"Cacao has been a cultivated crop for at least three thousand years, probably quite a bit more. The people who first utilized Cacao were the inhabitants of what is now Venezuela† (Lipson) This group of people would eventually spread the cacao bean in northwestern South America. Cacao was clearly highly valued by these people and they spread it northward through trade with their neighbors. It was probably the Maya, over 1500 years ago, who brought Cacao to Yucatan in what is now Mexico. The Aztecs who got Cacao from the Maya, used Cacao in a number of ways, one common way was as a bitter spice in food and possibly also as a base for pasta or bread, but the most well-known way that Cacao was as a drink. While the Maya drank Chocolate hot, the Aztecs seem to have often taken it cold. The Aztecs called the drink, and apparently the bean as well, Xocoatl. From this word comes the pan-European word Chocolate. When Europeans first made contact with the Aztec civilization, Cacao was being cultivated and used extensively. The Spanish Conquistadors quickly noticed the benefits of Chocolate and used it to keep their armies marching long distances with little food. From the Aztecs the Spanish took it to Europe. Chocolate was widely used in Catholic countries after 1569 when Pope Pius V declared that Chocolate, the drink, did not break the fast, despite the hearty nutritional aspects of Chocolate† (Lipson). Chocolate continued to be moved from country to country through trade and exploration. Soon chocolate found its way into America, and according to Lipson, â€Å"In 1900 Milton Snavely Hershey, a Mennonite from Pennsylvania, began producing milk-chocolate bars and â€Å"kisses† with great success. He was anti-alcohol and saw Chocolate as a good, profitable alternative. His empire grew even larger during World War I, when Milton Hershey encouraged the US Army to add four Hershey bars to each soldiers daily ration† (Lipson). Because of Hershey, chocolate was now affordable for everyone, and his methods of making chocolate are still used today. Peter’s chocolate tells us that chocolate is made by, â€Å"storing the cacao beans in silos or warehouse. These rooms are well aired, kept at cool temperature and the humidity regularly checked. Before the production stage, the beans are sorted and cleaned. Cocoa does not acquire the richness of its color and the fullness of its flavor until it is roasted. The degree of care given to this operation has considerable influence on the ultimate quality of the end product – either cocoa powder or chocolate. When roasting is complete, the beans are cooled and their thin shells removed by a winnowing machine. The husked and winnowed beans are called â€Å"nibs†. Here’s where the first secrets of the chocolate manufacturer come in. The nibs are blended, combining as many as eight to ten varieties. It is control of these subtle mixtures that maintains a constant quality and brings out the flavor of each particular variety of chocolate. The roasted and winnowed nibs then pass through refining mills and are ground. The heat generated by grinding causes the cocoa butter or fat to melt and form a fine paste or liquid known as chocolate â€Å"liquor. † This goes to large hydraulic presses which remove most of the cocoa butter. The â€Å"cake† which is left may eventually be made into cocoa powder. The cake goes through several processes in which it is crushed, milled and finely sifted. After the cocoa paste, cocoa butter, milk, sugar and additional flavorings have been carefully weighed out in accordance with the recipe, they go into a mixer where rotating, kneading arms thoroughly mix all the ingredients. The result is a homogeneous, paste-like mixture which is already pleasant to taste, but still feels gritty to the palate. The chocolate is put in a conching machine. While in the machine, the chocolate turns over in the conching machine, a controlled amount of air ventilates the mass, allowing the full aroma and flavor to develop. The still-warm conched chocolate is placed in a tempering machine so that it can be slowly and steadily cooled. The tempering prevents separation in the chocolate when it’s filled into bar molds and hardens† (Peter’s). This results in the average chocolate bar.

Intro To Justice Administration Example

Intro To Justice Administration Example Intro To Justice Administration – Coursework Example Introduction to criminal justice United s has established various s that have been given the man to deal with crime. These institutions have been given different roles and responsibilities to address crime. Some of the agencies with defined responsibilities are the police and judicial. The security personnel in this case have a jurisdiction to stop operations of train services till the security issue is addressed. The passengers who saw the masked person who dropped the package should record statements will the police to help them in investigations. After the police do some investigations, they can arrest the suspects and detain them before they are taken to court. (Bohm & Haley, 2011).The court is another agency of jurisdiction. The court has the jurisdiction of making judgments when the suspects are brought before the judges. The judges can grant a bail or deny bail requests. If there is enough evidence that the suspects were involved in this terror act, the judges can make judgmen t and jail the criminals. The judgments made will depend on evidence presented by the prosecutor (Bohm & Haley, 2011).In this case, the police cannot meet the demand of the terrorists who are demanding the release of prisoners in overseas. The police officers should do their best to identify the origin of this anonymous call and arrest the caller. The criminal just system does not negotiate with criminals but they have to face the full force of law. They have to be dealt with accordingly by various jurisdiction agencies and get fair trials (Bohm & Haley, 2011).In conclusion the jurisdiction agencies should work hand in hand to ensure the rate of crime is controlled. The jurisdiction agencies stated above should be well monitored to ensure there are no conflicting roles. When these agencies are well used, such rates and be prevented in future after appropriate measures are taken (Bohm & Haley, 2011).ReferencesBohm, R., & Haley, K. (2011). Introduction to criminal justice (7th ed.). N ew York, N.Y.: Glencoe.

Hoedads Tool and the Cooperative

Hoedads Tool and the Cooperative Hoedads are wooden-handled, mattock-like hand tools used to plant bare-root trees by the thousands quickly and mainly used by experienced crews. They are designed for steep slopes, versus the dibble, a straight-bladed, metal-handled tool with a foot platform used to plant trees on flat ground. When comparing the use of the dibble and the hoedad, a USFS study in the Western Gulf Region of the United State (2004) shows that neither method is superior to the other. The study concluded that tree planting survival, first- and second-year height, groundline diameter, first-year root weight, and first and second-year growth was found to be the same. The hoedad does speed up planting when used by an experienced user with a strong back. The Hoedad Revolution This hoedad tree planting tool inspired a name given to tree planting cooperatives of environmentalist tree planters who planted millions of tree seedlings from 1968 to 1994. During this period, new-generation tree planters used the hoedad exclusively on hundreds of thousands of regenerated forest acres. The timber industry and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) provided both land and incentive monies during this period to encourage reforestation of cutover lands. It opened up opportunities for private contractors to enter the tree planting business. There was money to be made for someone who enjoyed the outdoors, was in good physical health and could plant 500 to 1000 trees per day on steep ground. Both the hoedad tool and tool users called hoedads  were of some influence on the forest practices of the USFS and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). These spirited men and women managed  to change the stereotypical male forest worker image.  They questioned the practice of single-species reforestation and detested the wide use of herbicides and pesticides. They did extensive lobbying at national and state levels for increased funds for reforestation and promotion of sustainable forestry practices. Enter the Cooperative In addition to tree planting, these Hoedad cooperatives did precommercial thinning, firefighting, trail building, technical forestry, forest construction, resource inventory, and other forest-related labor. They grew in numbers  working in every state west of the Rockies and  Alaska  and living in the most remote areas in the mountains of the West. They later traveled through the Eastern US to planting job sites where programs like the Forest Incentives Program (FIP) were paying private forest owners to reforest and manage according to multiple-use principles. The most notable cooperative was  based in Eugene, Oregon.  Hoedads Reforestation Cooperative (HRC) was the largest of the co-ops, was established by a Peace Corp volunteer and thrived as a tree planting cooperative for over 30 years. These Independent tree planter contractors were able to make millions of dollars (and plant millions of trees) through these planter-owned cooperatives. HRC disbanded in 1994, largely because of a dramatic decline on federal lands in reforestation and other timber harvest associated forestry work. According to Roscoe Caron, a former tree planter and Hoedad president, HRC was also instrumental in breaking the males-only ethic of forest work, questioning the wisdom of monoculture reforestation and challenging the liberal use of herbicides. In celebration of the 30-year Hoedad reunion (in 2001), the Eugene Weekly and Lois Wadsworth compiled some of the most detailed information on Hoedads to date for the article Tree Planters: The Mighty Hoedads, Back for a 30-year Reunion, Recall Their Grand Experiment.

These Are The Best Jobs for High School Dropouts

These Are The Best Jobs for High School Dropouts Not every job listing calls for a college degree, but a vast majority of them do call for a high school diploma. If you don’t have that, it can feel like every job listing is out of your reach. Don’t despair! You have options, even if a diploma or GED isn’t in your near future. It’s all about the strategy, and we’re going to give you strategies you can use to find your opportunities, and some of the best jobs available even without a high school diploma. You can always sign up to receive the jobs that match your skills and goals right here on TheJobNetwork. First, the prep work. Here are three things you should do as you get started on your job search.Come up with a plan. Just because you don’t have a diploma doesn’t mean you have to limit your professional goals. What do you like to do? What skills do you already have? What would you like to be doing in 10 years?Build your skills. Based on what you want to do, what skills will you nee d to a) get in the door; and b) succeed in that field and nab future opportunities? Try taking an online class to improve your software skills, or learn basic computer skills like coding. Your skills can be your best asset in a job hunt, so it’s important to put as much care and effort into building them as you can.Trick out your resume. Your resume is your biggest opportunity to frame your professional narrative. Rather than focus on what you don’t have, you can build your resume around what you do have (skills, experience, etc.). Â  You can also get started with one of our resume templates from our resume library. Resume templates are a great way to get started building your own resume with the right foundation.Next, the hunt itself. Where should you look, if you didn’t graduate high school? Let’s look at some of the best jobs for high school dropouts with the most potential:Heavy Truck DriverThe job: While many trucker job openings prefer a high schoo l diploma, the most important elements are the driver’s license (a Commercial Driver’s License, or CDL, is a must) and a clean driving record. Without a diploma or GED, you can still enroll in a training program to build the necessary skills and experience to get started.The pay: Median salary of $40,260 per year, or $19.36 per hour, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The need for construction workers is predicted to grow by about 5% by 2024.Home Health AideThe job: While this may not be the most glamorous job around, it can be a great way to get into the booming healthcare industry if you have an excellent bedside manner. Home health aides are responsible for visiting patients in their homes and providing help with daily activities like feeding, bathing, taking medicine, and mobility.The pay: Median salary of $21,920 per year, or $10.54 per hour, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The need for home health aides is predicted to grow by about 38% by 2024.Con struction WorkerThe job: If you’re good with your hands and can do heavy lifting, construction can be a lucrative career path with a lot of growth opportunity. Construction laborers may work for towns and cities, agencies, or private companies/contractors doing project-based labor.The pay: Median salary of $30,890 per year, or $14.85 per hour, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The need for construction workers is predicted to grow by about 13% by 2024.Food Service ManagerThe job: If you’re willing to put in your time in the food service trenches as an entry-level employee, getting on the managerial track is a solid opportunity for your future. It’s a field that is continually hiring even when others aren’t, in a tough economy.The pay: Median salary of $48,690 per year, or $23.41 per hour, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The need for home health aides is predicted to grow by about 5% by 2024.CosmetologistThe job: Who wouldn’t want to help make the world a more attractive place? Cosmetologists (which can include hairdressers and barbers) need to complete an accredited training and licensing program, but in many states you can do this while completing your GED at the same time.The pay: Median salary of $23,710 per year, or $11.40 per hour, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The need for construction workers is predicted to grow by about 13% by 2024.If you don’t have your diploma, don’t get discouraged. You have options- you just need to make sure you’re looking for the best opportunities that match your skills and your goals. TheJobNetwork is a great place to find the perfect opportunities that match your skills. You can even get the new job opportunities delivered to your email when they get posted, so you would never miss the right job. You can sign up here. Good luck!

Teresa of Avila Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teresa of Avila - Essay Example She was born on 28th March 1515. Early in her young age Theresa was caught between the strict but honest father and romantic mother. She was caught between detached discipline and over attachment to worldiness. Though she lead an ordinary life , the sense of sin never left her, as she was drawn more and more into the worldly things like flirting and rebelling. At the age of 16, just to discipline her, her father had to send her to the Augustinian nun’s convent for education. Though she hated it first, she found the place less strict than her father; but due to illness she had to leave the place after 18 months. When the time came to choose between marriage and religious life, she chose the later because that was the only safe place for a person tempted by sin. She left for the Carmelite convent of the Incarnation at Avila were she was almost a loner. She started to learn and practice mental prayer to keep Jesus Christ always with her. But there were enough distractions in the convent. Nuns from the rich families were more attentive to their physical appearance than to their inner spiritual life. The prestige of a nun was measured not by piety but by money.

Explain why you need a business plan,including some of the important Essay

Explain why you need a business plan,including some of the important factors of a business plan. prepare an outline of the elements entrepreneurs include in their business plan - Essay Example curity offered and credit rating which are not directly connected to the ‘statistics’ of the plan, but have overall impact on the proposal are also highlighted. It can be concluded that the business plan properly developed with attention to details is appreciated by the banks and investors.   This document also acts as a reference guide not only for the banks and investors, but also to the entrepreneurs to compare the actual performance to the ‘standards’ as specified in the business plan.   The achievement of the goal enhances the credibility of the business and the promoters and their trustworthiness.   The business plan carefully prepared seeks to give comfort to the lenders with regard to repayment of loan and implied assurance to them that the servicing of the debt could be comfortably undertaken without undue pressure in the operations and schedule of repayment as agreed would be adhered to.  Ã‚   All other factors should be in a position to enhance this comfort level of the banks. Another important aspect the banker would like to look into is the background of the entrepreneur in terms of his qualifications, experience, skill and capability and reputation of the entrepreneurs, status of the earlier projects if any, the honesty and integrity of the entrepreneur, etc.   These factors can also play in favor of the companies in respect of the rates of interest, and the banker could offer a very competitive rate. If the bankers are satisfied on both these counts, then it is only the question of formalities.   However, the other factors assume greater significance in the case of new entrepreneurs.   The new entrepreneurs should be able to sell their concept effectively by concentrating all the aspects of the business plan to improve the confidence level of the bankers.   Because, the other factors put together should compensate the lack of experience and reputation for the bankers to act upon the proposal favorably.   Under the circumstances prevailing

Illegal immigration and Middle East profiling Essay

Illegal immigration and Middle East profiling - Essay Example Turning to positions various political philosophers would have taken on these two global phenomena, we need to closely scrutinize their thoughts on citizenship, liberties, freedom, and human rights. Focusing on Aristotle, his idea of citizenship is equated with virtue. That there is more to citizenship than living in a particular place or sharing in economic activity or ruling under the same laws. He contends that it is a great privilege to be a citizen and had a set of duties. He has certain freedoms that non-citizens do not have and obligations like political participation and military service. In his definition and subsequent argument, he refers to illegal migrants as the vulgar, that is, those who are incapable of citizenship, which leads to virtue. More importantly, those migrants are actually migrating in search of work or rather to become laborers. According to Aristotelian thinking, it is impossible to pursue virtue when one is a laborer. Laborers exist like slaves for the be nefit of male free citizens now that citizens are similar in stock and free. (Cohen and Fermon 114). This would be taken to mean that he does not advocate for non- citizens mixing with citizens, and in any case, therefore, the migrants who are laborers will always remain inferior to citizens and would not enjoy equal rights and liberties. In his argument of a good citizen, he contends whether the virtue of the good man and the excellent citizen is to be regarded as the same or as not the same. That a good man is the one who lives in accordance with virtue and finds happiness in doing so. The Middle East profiling is as a result of evil deeds that have informed such scrutiny. His position would then be that a virtuous person should be protected from the evil one and thus my posit is that, he would support such profiling, but as is typical in his ideas, in moderation. Saint Augustine of the city of god fame is on the worldview that we have a sinful nature and only by the grace of God that we can be saved. His philosophy is closely intertwined with the bible and God as the focal point. That we must obey governments to restrain us from being sinful (Cohen and Fermon 141).He believes in giving everyman his due. From this discussion therefore, illegal migration is sinful and like all other sins, evil. In the case of Middle East profiling, it is also sinful because God would not allow it, as we should all remain co-equals and colleagues. Rawls philosophy is anchored on reasonable pluralism. That is, he is more accommodating to divergence. He contends that, stability of society is organized around justice and he believes in respect for human rights. He postulates that, societies and countries lacking the conditions necessary for a decent or just regime should be assisted to realize it. By assistance, he does not recommend intervention, rather, to necessitate that country to achieve a just regime. These principles, he posits, should govern one nation in relation with t he other. His position in regards to illegal migration would then be that they should be accommodated, and their countries be assisted to achieve conditions that would enable citizens to be comfortable in a just regime which would restore peace and get into the path of economic progress. The same can be said on